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Let’s attack Hamza Yusuf….in Ramadan? (The Qur’an is Created)

“Indeed, We have made it an Arabic Qur’an that you might understand.”(Qur’an 43:3)

﷽ 

For many, the last 10 days of Ramadan will be spent doing extra prayers, late night vigils, reading of the Qur’an, finding charitable causes, time with family and iktikaaf (overnight) stay in the masjid.

Yet, for others, the last 10 days of Ramadan presents a sort of moral dilemma.

So here we are. Attacking Shaykh Mufti Menk for breaking Iftar with a Jewish Rabbi. Let’s attack Dr. Jonathan Brown for writing the book “Islam & Blackness” because human beings shouldn’t be writing books about corals in the coral reef! You aren’t a coral!

And now attacking Shaykh Hamza Yusuf for the same beliefs that the attackers in reality themselves hold! Namely, their baseless assertion that the Qur’an is eternal and uncreated!



and not subsisting in Allah” Notice how he says that like it’s a good thing!

ٱللَّهُ لَآ إِلَهَ إِلَّا هُوَ ٱلْحَىُّ ٱلْقَيُّومُ (Qur’an 3:2) This one verse in the Qur’an absolutely demolishes the theology of Ibrahim Ibn Mahmud and anyone else who comes along and tries to tell you that Allah (swt) is a compound unity of attributes subsisting and not identical to the essence of Allah (swt).

Al Hayyu and Al Qayyum is what Allah (swt) is. He tells you in clear language in the plain text (dhahir) apparent text that He (ALLAH) Is the Ever Living Self Existing!

You cannot have a self-existing “attribute” called “al qayyum” subsisting! Authubillah min dhalik! (May Allah protect us from that) 

We don’t need the real proponents of innovation and speculative theology like Ibrahim Ibn Mahmud, the Athari, to come along later and say other than what the clear text of the Qur’an says.

If the Qur’an is not from the time of the Salaaf Us Salih (then nothing is)!

Why would a well-informed Christian who believes in the Athanasian creed leave their faith for Islam? What are you people really calling to?

This is what these people are calling to. It is this reason why they will not admit what Allah (swt) has clearly stated in the Qur’an:

“Indeed, We have made it an Arabic Qur’an that you might understand.” (Qur’an 43:3)

Give us a single text in the Qur’an where it says it is not made!

Allah (swt) clearly told you that it is!

The reason is that to say that the Qur’an is uncreated is to say that Allah (swt) has an attribute called speech, and his attributes are eternal, and yet they are not identical to his essence, nor other than it. Yet subsisting. So that you end up sounding exactly like this…..

Read it and beware!

Point 5.

“There is little in Berkhof’s explanation of the Trinity that should surprise anyone familiar with the Reformed tradition. He affirms that there is in the Divine Being but one indivisible essence, and that in this Being there are three Divine Persons or individual subsistences (87). On this latter point, Berkhof helpfully reminds us that there are not three individuals in the Godhead, alongside of and separate from each other, but rather “personal self-distinctions within the Divine essence” (87). Perhaps this is why theologians in the Reformed tradition tend to talk of order and operations instead of roles and relationships. The first pair of terms suggests self-distinctions, while the second pair suggests separate individuals.”

Source: https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/blogs/kevin-deyoung/distinguishing-among-the-three-persons-of-the-trinity-within-the-reformed-tradition/

Taking a look at the video attack upon Shaykh Hamza Yusuf.

Notice the very first thing this video does. Does it go to the Qur’an? No! Does it appeal to the Sunnah? No!

@0:43 minutes they appeal to an Imam. Can you imagine? These people castigate the Shi’a for appealing to the Imams and they do the exact same thing.

After the appeal to their Imam, then the revelation of Allah (swt) states comes next.

“Rather it is an honoured Qur’an in the preserved tablet.” (Qur’an 85:21-22)

Point 1). The Qur’an is in a preserved tablet. Preserved tablet =NOT ALLAH.

Yes, the very preserved tablet that is the revelation of Allah (swt) states:

“Ha-Mim By the Book that makes things clear,-We have made it a Qur’an in Arabic, that you may be able to understand and learn wisdom. And verily, it is in the Mother of the Book, in Our Presence, high in dignity, full of wisdom. Shall We then take away the Message from you and repel (you), for that you are a people transgressing beyond bounds? (Qur’an 43:1-5)

Point 2). The Qur’an has been made in Arabic. ALLAH =NOT MADE.

Point 3). It is in the presence of Allah. It is distinct from Allah (swt). ALLAH = NOT COMPOUND UNITY

Point 4). The Qur’an is in the mother(origin) of the book. ALLAH=HAS NO MOTHER(ORIGIN)

Point 5) The attributes of Allah (swt) are not contained IN a mother book.

“Allah eliminates what He wills or confirms, and with Him is the Mother of the Book.” (Qur’an 13:39)

This Qur’an is in a preserved (maḥfūẓin) tablet.

Point 6) Allah (swt) nor his attributes are in need of preservation, sustenance, upkeep, maintenance, conservation. ALLAH=ETERNAL.

Point 7) The Qur’an is contained in ‘the mother of the book’ (43:4) which is WITH Allah (13:39)

With shows a clear distinction from Allah (swt).

@1:20 we get another verse from the Qur’an.

“And if any one of the ungrateful disbelievers seeks your protection, then grant him protection so that he may hear the words of Allah . Then deliver him to his place of safety. That is because they are a people who do not know.” (Qur’an 9:6)

Let us first deal with some flawed mantiq (logic).

First, it is sufficient to attribute to Allah (swt) the attribute of power without the attribution of speech. Speech is not the opposite of dumbness, such that dumbness is negated by affirming it. The opposite of speech is silence. It does not mean that a non-speaking person is dumb; rather, he is not non-silent.

There also seems to be some confusion from those who call themselves ‘Salafi’, among others, with regard to Allah’s knowledge of it, whereas there is an attempt to equate the attributes of Speaking and Knowledge as being both eternal. Eternal knowledge of a thing does not mean the thing itself is eternal. Otherwise, all of us would be eternal.

We affirm the attribute of “speech” for Allah (swt) as Imam Diya al-Din ‘Abd al-Aziza Thamini (raheemullah), says in his Mu’alim:

“Know that speech is sometimes referred to Allah in the meaning of negating dumbness of Him, and it then is to be understood as an essential attribute in the way of such attributes. And sometimes it is referred to Him in the sense of its being one of His actions, and it is then to be understood as such. So the meaning of His being Speaking, according to the first interpretation, is that He is not dumb; and according to the second that He is a Creator of Speech.”

Source: (Ma’alim al-din (Oman: Wizarat al-Turath al-Qawmi wa l-Thaqafah, 1st edition 2:9.)

The Qur’an has never called the speech of Allah (swt) ‘eternal‘. This is pure kalaam!

“The reason why I don’t follow the Ashari creed is because it goes against the clear text of the Qur’an and human nature. People only follow it because they think it makes them look like intellectuals with all those fancy words.” -Abu Humayd

“Indeed, We have made it an Arabic Qur’an that you might understand.”(Qur’an 43:3)

This text is quite clear.

IMAM AHMED AN INNOVATOR ACCORDING TO IBN TAYMIYYAH?

Think about it, dear respected Muslim sisters and brothers. The fact that our great scholars actually mused over this is really sad.

“Then, among them are those who say that the ink is apparent in the mushaf but not incarnating, and some say that it is incarnating. In the sayings of some of them is what implies that for the form—the form of the letter and figure – but not for its material substance, which is its ink. This opinion is also invalid. Just as the saying, that anything from the voices of human beings is eternal, is an invalid opinion. It is an opinion put forward by a group from among the followers of Malik, Shafi’i, and Ahmad, the majority of whom reject it. The saying of Ahmad and the majority of his followers rejecting his opinion is well-known. There is no doubt that whoever says that the voices of servants are eternal, he is an innovator and inventor. In the same way as whoever says that this Qur’an is not the word of Allah, he is an innovator and an inventor”

Source: (Fatawa Ibn Taymiyyah (Matabi al-Riyad, 1st edition, 12:83-873,83-85)

THE REAL REASON FOR THIS DEBATE/DISCSSION: IS THE QUR’AN ETERNAL or CREATED?

The real reason for this debate is that there are those in the Muslim Ummah that believe Allah (swt) has attributes that are not identical to his essence nor other than it. 

TAWHID vs TRINITY.

Tawhid: The belief that Allah is one being that has an undefined/undisclosed number of self-distinctions subsisting with in the divine essence.

Trinity: The Belief that God is one being that has three personal self-distinctions within the Divine essence.

In reality, there is no such debate: Tawhid vs Trinity. The real debate is: In what sense is God a Unity?

In the way that the Athari/Ashari/Maturdi proclaim? Or in the way that Athanasian Christians proclaim?

The real debate between the vast majority of Christians and the vast majority of Muslims (Salafi-Athari/Ashari/Maturdi) should be: In what sense is God a Unity?

May Allah (swt) guide us all to what is beloved to him.

May Allah (swt) guide Shaykh Hamza Yusuf and Ibrahim ibn Mahmud.

If you would like to read more articles concerning Shaykh Hamza Yusuf you maybe interested in:

https://primaquran.com/2022/10/04/shaykh-hamza-yusuf-collection-of-articles/

May Allah Guide the Ummah.

May Allah Forgive the Ummah.

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“The vast majority of Muslims believe in the second coming.” -Shaykh Hamza Yusuf

“Allah said, O Jesus, I shall cause you to die and will raise you up to Me and shall purify you of the ungrateful disbelieving people, and shall place those who follow you above those who deny the truth, until the Day of Judgement; then to Me shall all return and I will judge between you regarding your disputes.” (Qur’an 3:55)

Shaykh Hamza Yusuf states in the interview with Kim Iversen: “What Islam Really Says About Jihad, Martyrdom, and Women’s Rights“, which has been shortened to: “What Islam Really Says About Jihad.

@17:27 minute mark, Shaykh Hamza says: “The vast majority of Muslims believe in the second coming.”

You can find that here:

https://rumble.com/v3uyous-november-10-2023.html…

“The vast majority of Muslims believe in the second coming.”

Which means there are Muslims who do not believe in the coming of Jesus (as).

We found that little gem interesting because it shows us that the needle is moving.

May Allah (swt) Guide the Ummah.

May Allah (swt) Forgive the Ummah.

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My own experience with Shi’a.

“Travel through the land and observe how He began creation. Then Allah will produce the final creation. Indeed Allah, over all things, is competent.” (Qur’an 29:20)

﷽ 

Our colleague recounts their encounter with Shi’i 

Now when I say, “My experience with the Shi’i”, I should clarify that by that I mean the 12er Shi’i. The bulk of my experience has been with them.

When I was studying at Zaytuna before it became Zaytuna college, a fellow student and I named Wasif and I went for an afternoon stroll. I recall how he was telling me, “C’mon brother, just one more burger before we walk the straight and narrow.” He had a love for American burgers and was bound and determined to have just one more before going completely halal.

The time for Maghrib came upon us and there was a mosque on the side of a street. We walked in, and it was certainly a 12er Shi’a Mosque. You can see pictures of various Imams on the wall. We did not hesitate to join the congregation for the Maghrib prayer. I only noted to myself afterward that it was interesting that the whole prayer was out loud. Of course, when we went back to Zaytuna, the brothers were sharing their day-to-day things, and the subject came up. One brother approached Wasif and I said, “You prayed behind the Shi’i. Your prayer may not be valid. You better go and talk to Shaykh Mohamed Yaqubi.”

Well, low and behold, we were advised to do our prayer over again. I cannot speak for Wasif, but I didn’t take the advice. I saw no valid reason to. They prayed and I prayed. My prayer is not for them or their school. It is for Allah (swt).

Then there was the time I went for the ATMT (Awareness Through Mosque Tour) training course in Manama, Bahrain. Very beautiful team, great host, and amazing instructors! Unfortunately, during my first Friday prayer there, after everyone does there two nawafil many gather in small groups to simply chit-chat. So, one of the people with us nearby was talking about how “The Shi’i are spreading like cock roaches”. I was really disgusted by the fact that he would like this about other Muslims, and in the mosque no less! So I told him, “We should not talk about other Muslims like this.”

On another occasion, we (the trainees) were going on a guided tour of museums. A Mualif (convert) sister, who came from either the Czech Republic or Hungary was talking to a very stout Arab man. As we were walking they were discussing the current(then) volatile situation in Iraq. I made the comment that, “Sunni and Shi’i Muslims should unite.” To which he quipped: “Who said they are Muslims?” I responded, “What do you mean?” He replied, “The Shi’i who said they are Muslims?” I responded, “Our scholars (Sunni) say they are deviant, but Muslims nonetheless.” At that time I was still following the Maliki School.

The adhaan had sounded. Frustrated with what I had just heard, I stormed off from the group and happened upon a local mosque just a few blocks away. I sat in the front row waiting for the Imam to come forward. The congregants of the Mosque seemed primarily Indo-Pakistani from what I could tell. One brother said the Iqama and an elderly man was pushing me to lead the salaah! I looked around and was wondering if the actual Imam would come forward, and they kept pushing me to lead the prayer. Well, I did just that. Let me tell you it is a huge thing to lead the prayer. It was like a huge weight to lead the congregational prayer. My respect to every Imam of every Masjid on the planet. You can really feel the weight of doing something that one would think is a simple task. After the salaah, I made du’a, did more rakats and left.

Later, that robust Arab brother came up to me during dinner and apologized to me. That took me by surprise because, to be honest, he did not strike me as the type of person who would do that. I later found out from some organizers of ATMT that this brother’s family was killed by a Shi’i death squad in Iraq. May Allah (swt) soften his heart and grant him ease.

Let me tell you, you need to choose your words very carefully when traversing this Earth. Once, in what I thought was a casual conversation, when talking about the region (I being from the States), I called the waters around Bahrain, the “Persian Gulf”. Boy! That’s a blunder! “It is the Arabian Sea!” One man interrupted. I responded with, “Why not call it the sea of Islam, or the Gulf of Allah?”

I remember not far from the hotel we were staying I went out one evening to do dhikr by the “Gulf of Allah” all the while staring off into the direction of Iraq. The cool breeze of the water filled the surrounding air. It was surreal because just a few hundred kilometers was the closest I ever was physically to a war zone. I reflected on the events of the day and made du’a that Allah (swt) would fill the region with peace.

Another encounter was with when I was in Singapore. A brother I met at the Sultan Masjid. Brother Ali Al Ausi, a very kind and jovial brother. I do not want to take from his good deeds by publicly stating the many good things he has done, but Al hamdulillah I saw first hand how he was there to help those in need (fisabilillah). We were roommates for a while, and sometimes I would lead the salaah and other times he would. l was sometimes amused by his method of salah because he would wear jeans that have loops (where the belt goes through) and he would put his thumbs there and hang them during the prayer. Quite cavalier I thought to myself! Haha.

He told about his family leaving Najaf and going to Russia and from there eventually settling in the United Kingdom. His father worked in pizza shops until he became a manager and worked very hard to put his family on a proper footing.

He also told me about his doubts concerning Shi’sm and that he agreed Muslims should be Qur’an centric. He told me about how Shi’i get worked up in the Mosque during sermons on Karbala and that they would want to go out and beat up the first Sunni they saw. By Allah, these are his words, not mine.

Interestingly enough, for those of you who remember the man in Iraq who took off his shoe and threw it at president George Bush Jr, well, that man (the man who threw the shoe) was going to marry his daughter to my friend Ali. They met in Damascus, Syria, and once Ali confided in her that he didn’t believe in some of the stuff about Shi’ism, she stormed off saying, “I would rather marry a Sunni than you!”

He also divulged to me about some rather wealthy Shi’a Arabs that would practice Muta with some of the poorer Arab women in Egypt, and he was rather disgusted by it all. I recall how he remarked, “If everyone is doing Muta, then who will get married?”

I just wanted to say that this book was given to me by my good friend Dr. Ali Al-Ausi, upon my request. He informed his mother that he had a friend wanting to know more about the 12er jurisprudence. The book is still in my collection. Brother Ali is one of the kindest, honest, generous, and most truthful Muslims I have ever met.

My meeting with the respected, Ali Larijani (The Former Speaker of the Parliament of Iran). This was an occasion at the Sultan Mosque in Singapore when his delegation came to Singapore. I was actually scheduled to give a talk to him and his delegation and there was a change of plans. I prepared before he came by trying to find out about his background. I saw that he studied Philosophy and particularly liked the philosopher Immanuel Kant.

His entourage created quite a shock at the Mosque because the ladies who were with them prayed in the main prayer hall (where the men usually pray). I was amused by it all. Nonetheless, after the prayer, I approached Ali Larijani, who had two bodyguards and one cleric with him. I greeted him, “Assalamu alaikum warahmutallahi wabaraktuh.” He replied the same. I then told him, “I am from America and I wish for peace between us and Iran.” He replied, “That they too wish for peace.” I then asked him what his favourite quote from Kant was. I could tell by his reaction. He was surprised. He responded with Kant quoting the golden rule: “Do not do that to others that you would not like them to do to you.”

Now that is the sum total of my personal experience and interaction with Shi’i or anything in relation to them in my lifetime. If you think, based upon what I shared above, that I hate Shi’i, that is really up to you.

That being said, when it comes to what I encounter online, via various social media platforms and what have you, I have found Shi’a (12er,especially) to be very dishonest, disingenuous and not very forward.

The one thing I do admire about Salafis, Sunnis of all stripes, even those who follow the Hafs Qur’an only religion. Ahmadiyyah etc. is there willingness to be forthright.

Their willingness to say, “I am such and such and this is where I stand.” With the Shi’i, I don’t get this. What I find is they often join groups posing that they are part of this or that and keeping quiet about being Shi’a.

Look! If we were in Syria, Iraq, Lebanon or other places where sectarianism is highly charged and a person’s life is in danger, I would get it. However, this skulking around various platforms pretending to be Hanafi, or Quranist. Anything else is simply just cowardly. It truly is.

All these people saying Ya Ali, Ya Ali Madad. How they would have loved to be at Karbala, or have lifted their sword for Ali. Look, mate, you cannot even be honest enough with yourself to say what you are openly.

And honestly, what I do see on YouTube, of the interactions of 12ers and Zaydi’s with Sunnis, is that the Shi’a end up getting intellectually owned, time and again.

You may also wish to read the following:

May Allah (swt) Forgive the Ummah.

May Allah (swt) Guide the Ummah.

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Speech of Allah? Is the Qur’an Created? Ash’ari and Salafi perspectives.

“Then if you were to dispute among yourselves about anything refer it to Allah and the Messenger if you indeed believe in Allah and the Last Day; that is better and more commendable in the end.”(Qur’an 4:59)

﷽ 

Insh’Allah today we will be looking at the claims of Ustadh Abdurrahman Hassan, and Shaykh Hamza Yusuf. Both of them claim to follow the Sunni denomination of Islam. They both claim that the Qur’an is uncreated and yet both of them have very different understandings of what this actually means.

Let us start with what Shaykh Hamza Yusuf (An Ashar’i in creed) said here:

Shaykh Hamza Yusuf is gracious in saying that among the Sunni denomination there is a division on this issue. They are not in unison as to this theological position.

This is something that Ustadh Abdurrahman Hassan is not in agreement upon. Ustadh Abdurrahman’s view is that there is one and only one view only among the Sunni denomination.

@ 1:32 Listen carefully people. Shaykh Hamza Yusus if a public orator and a supremely articulate man. Listen very carefully to the doctrine you are being asked to subscribe to.

“But the Mushaf itself and the ‘ulemah say you can only say this in a teaching just out of adaab to the Qur’an we don’t say it. But the Mushaf itself is, came into the world. The paper, the ink, the right? and then the letters and when we and if I say, “bismillah ir rahman ir raheem, al hamdulillahi rabil ‘alamin, ir rahman ir raheem.” Those are sounds. And we know that you know that they have vibrations and so…that aspect of the Qur’an and this is the distinction they say is all of those elements are created and like….”

@ 3:00 “It definitely doesn’t mean though the mushaf you have in your house. Because that would then…I mean some of the Christians argue that well the Qur’an is imbibliation. Like we believe in incarnation of the logos the Muslims believe in imbibliation of the logos. That God became book and so we don’t we don’t see that as valid. That view of it so.”

Did you notice in the first paragraph above how Shaykh Hamza said that the mushaf of the Qur’an is created. However, he said it very very softly and quickly moved on from that word ‘created’. I am sure that you the discerning truth seeker have realized this.

Every Qur’an that every Muslim uses today has a publisher. For example the ‘Sahih International’ is published by the Publishing House (dar), dar Abul Qasim, Saudi Arabia.

If the book, ink, text has a publisher it is clear as day light that the text, or mushaf is created. Now, I am going to advise you, the Christian, the Jew, the Hindu, the Buddhist, the Taoist, the Sikh, the Jain, the Wiccan, the Agnostic, the Atheist, ask any Muslim preacher who is calling you to Islam the following:

“Is that book, the text, the Mushaf, the ink pages is it created?” The simple , correct, direct answer is ‘Yes!’.

If that Muslim preacher begins to waffle, doge, sidestep or respond with anything other than ‘Yes!; My advise to you is to ask yourself some questions.

What are they really calling you to believe in? The belief in the oneness of Allah, that he is eternal and is unlike his creation? Yet they cannot say that an obvious creation (a book, a text with ink and pages) is created?

So now let us come to the video by Ustadh Abdurrahman Hassan (An Athari in creed)

Now Ustadh Abdurrahman Hassan who also claims to be of the Sunni denomination has a vastly different understanding of what it means to say that the Qur’an is uncreated than does Shaykh Hamza Yusuf.

First Ustadh Abdurrahman Hassan first appeals to emotion by discussing the persecution that those who claimed the Qur’an was uncreated went through. Though he doesn’t’ mention that his side did the exact same thing.

@ 2:50 Ustadh Abdurrahman Hassan says that the Ashar’i affirm the speech that is present in Allah (swt). They affirm that speech is an attribute of Allah (swt).

Now listen very carefully to what Ustadh Abdurrahman Hassan declares. His major point of contention.

“The Qur’an that we have today that is that we are reading, making our children memorize, who we read in weddings, if we want to make a person make an oath we make them use this Qur’an, swear by this Qur’an they believe it’s makhluq!

His very intelligent friend ask him, “Are they talking about the papers the mushaf?”

To which Ustadh Abdurrahman replies: “Shahid the Qur’an that we are reading, whole entire Qur’an is makhluq to the Ashar’i

There you have it people! Ustadh Abdurrahman is upset that people believe that a book, the Qur’an with ink, pages proclaim that it is created. So he wants that book, those pages, that ink, an obviously created thing to share a quality belongs ONLY to Allah (swt).

ONLY Allah (swt) is uncreated and everything else is uncreated. This is obvious as obvious can be.

@5:42 “The Ahshar’i don’t consider this (pointing to a Mushaf) to be the kalam of Allah.

Ustadh Abdurrahman’s daleel backfires!

Listen carefully to this next section. The brother who sits across from Ustadh Abdurrahman has been given a keen intellect and mash’Allah he picked up on the problem straight away! To the point that Ustadh Abdurrahman realized it was a strong point against him so he quickly pivots to ‘all the other evidences’.

He said: “O my Lord, set for me a sign.” Said He: “Your sign is that you shall not be able to speak to people for three days except through gestures. Remember your Lord much; and proclaim His purity in the evening and the morning.” (Qur’an 3: 41)

@12:35 “But your saying pointing is not speech.” -to which Ustadh Abdurrahman says, “It’s not.” the brother responds, “Allah says, illa ramzan put it with speech.” “illa?” replies Ustaz.

The brother states: “Ramzan in the ayat that you recited he’s put it with speech. You will not speak except with ramzan, with pointing.”

To which Ustaz replied: “Allah is saying you Zakariah will not be able to speak except Allah will allow you to give sharah.” To which the brother replies again: ” That means that’ is the speech that you’re allowed to . You’re not allowed to speak. It’s like if I say for example. Everyone leave the room except…”

Mash’Allah.

“And the people of Moses, after his departure from their ornaments a calf-an image having a lowing sound. Did they not see that it could not speak to them nor guide them to a way? That they took it for worship, and they were the wrongdoers. (Qur’an 7:148)

“And he extracted for them the statue of a calf which had a lowing sound, and they said, “This is your god and the god of Moses, but he forgot.” (Qur’an 20:88)

Just because something produces a sound does not mean it can speak.

May Allah (swt) guide them all to the truth of the matter.

For those who want to read more on the issue of rather or not the Qur’an is created:

https://primaquran.com/2022/10/04/lets-attack-hamza-yusuf-in-ramadan-the-quran-is-created/

For those interested to read more about Shaykh Hamza Yusuf you are invited to take a look at the following:

https://primaquran.com/2022/10/04/shaykh-hamza-yusuf-collection-of-articles/

May Allah Guide the Ummah.

May Allah Forgive the Ummah.

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